Leader Ship
Professor of Leadership at Harvard maintains that "Most US corporations are over managed and under led." In essence, today's managerial jobs require management and leadership skills with varying degrees of focus. The higher we go on the corporate ladder, the greater the demand for leadership ability. Thus, the increasingly fast changing environment we face requires more leadership from more people. To cope with these forces good mastery of leadership and management skills is essential in order to marshal and manage any organization effectively. Hence, the great need to institutionalize leadership development. "Institutionalizing a leadership centered culture--where the business rewards people who successfully develop leaders--is the ultimate act of leadership.
Leadership Differs from Management
Leadership having some link with management but leadership has some of itself aspects. Management is large term then leadership and leadership plays a vital role in management “Saeed Khalid”
Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines leader as "a person who by force of example or qualities of leadership plays a directing role, wields commanding influence, or has a following in any sphere of activity." The strength of leadership comes from the enrolment of minds to a common cause or vision, and the release of intrinsic motivation to achieve extraordinary results. This means that anyone in an organization can be a leader but might have qualities of leadership, whether or not that individual is formally identified as such. Indeed, informal leaders are extremely important to the effectiveness of most organizations.
Allen Scherr and Michael Jensen offered in their recent Barbados Group Working Paper that "a leader is an ordinary human being with both a commitment to deliver a result--whose realization would be remarkable and visionary given the current circumstances--and the integrity to execute on this commitment to accomplish the desired results." One key idea of this definition is that "integrity" in the sense of leadership includes honoring your word--and that means either keeping your word or acknowledging that one will not be keeping it, and cleaning up any mess that causes for those who were counting on that word being kept."
Kotter defines management as being about coping with complexity, planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, controlling and problem solving. To this end, he asserted that management involves setting targets and goals, establishing detailed plans for reaching goals, allocating resources, establishing organizational structure, delegating authority and responsibility, monitoring results vs. plan, identifying deviations from plan, and planning and organizing solutions. Consequently, what great managers have in common is an appreciation of their strengths as well as an understanding of their limitations. Being aware that performance hinges on how well they figure out the pressures and priorities of their particular job, they find a course that works for them. According to Sternberg "finding this individual path to success is the hallmark of managerial intelligence."
Management is fundamentally about minimizing risk and maximizing adherence to plan and predictability. In comparison, leadership copes with the unknown, the dreams, and the vision that generates breakthrough performance. Accordingly, what one person views as possible may be a pipe dream to another? The subject of leadership is one where the results to be produced are accompanied by greater risk and uncertainty than what is normally considered to be acceptable in the realm of management. A scholarly gem of the Renaissance was Machiavelli's The Prince Machiavelli's thesis is as good today as it was in 1513. It declared that "there is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success, than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things."
“To some extent leadership directly linked with entrepreneur, but it not necessary that an entrepreneur is able for leadership because leadership having all internal and external qualities” saeed khalid
Employee Benefits
Employee Benefits
Benefits are forms of value, other than payment, that are provided to the employee in return for their contribution to the organization, The most common employee benefits are medical, disability, life insurance; retirement benefits; paid time off; and Other employee benefits includes housing, life, overtime , sick leave , vacation , social security , profit sharing and funding of education. List of employee benefits also vary from continent to continent depending upon their basic needs. The main purpose of employment is to insure life security by securing a position in a society. There are some types of employee benefits that are mandated by law, including minimum wage, overtime, leave under the Family Medical Leave Act, unemployment, and workers compensation and disability.
Employee Benefits are mainly categories into three, Flexible, voluntary and core benefits. Flexible benefits allows employees to sacrifice part of their pre-tax pay in exchange for a car, additional holiday, a shorter working week or other similar benefits, or give up benefits for additional cash remuneration. Voluntary employee Benefits is the name given to a collection of benefits that employees choose to opt-in for and pay for personally. Core employee benefits are benefits which all staff enjoys, such as holiday, sick pay and sometimes flexible hours. But all kind of benefits not distributed equally to all employees, benefits are circulated according to ranking, lower and medium ranked enjoy less benefits as compared to top positions.
The other way to categories employee benefits on the basses of their worth, most of the time we talk about employee benefits are considered just tangible , but the non tangible benefits like appreciation from boss , comfortable working environment etc. are also of great importance, fringe benefits doesn’t mean only tangible benefits must be provided, it means both should be considered. Employee benefits depends upon the kind of employment, vary grade to grade and organisations to organisation. Organisations offer benefits to employee according to their resources.
The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) released a report on 28th June 2011, showing that 63 percent of HR professionals say the economic recession negatively affected their organization's employee benefit offerings "to some extent," over the past year. About a third said the recession didn't have any effect on their employee benefit packages, with only nine percent reporting it had a "large" affect on what they were able to keep providing to their employees.
Selection , steps & types
SELECTION, STEPS & TYPES
SELECTION: - Selection is a process in which members of a population reproduce at different rates, due to either natural or human-influenced factors. The result of selection is that some characteristic is found in increasing numbers of organisms within the population as time goes on.
Steps in Selection process: 1. initial screening interview. 2. Completion of the application form. 3. Employment tests. 4. Comprehensive interview 5. Background investigation. 6. Conditional job offer. 7. medical/physical exam. 8. Permanent job offer
Types of Selection
following detail of selection playing viral role in field of selection as Artificial selection, which is even older than agriculture, refers to a conscious effort to use for future breeding those varieties of a plant or animal that are most useful, attractive, or interesting to the breeder. Artificial selection is responsible for creating the enormous number of breeds of domestic dogs, for instance, as well as high-yielding varieties of corn and other agricultural crops.
Selection also occurs in nature, but Selection is not conscious. Charles Darwin called this natural selection or likely selection.Darwin
The concept of selection plays an increasingly important role in accepted speculation. New fields such as evolutionary psychology rely heavily on natural selection to explain the evolution of human behavioral traits, such as mate choice, aggression, and other types of social behavior. A great difficulty in such a theoretically based knowledge is the rarity of experimental or direct proof for presumed past environments and presumed behavioral responses that were genetically adaptive.
SELECTION: - Selection is a process in which members of a population reproduce at different rates, due to either natural or human-influenced factors. The result of selection is that some characteristic is found in increasing numbers of organisms within the population as time goes on.
Steps in Selection process: 1. initial screening interview. 2. Completion of the application form. 3. Employment tests. 4. Comprehensive interview 5. Background investigation. 6. Conditional job offer. 7. medical/physical exam. 8. Permanent job offer
Types of Selection
following detail of selection playing viral role in field of selection as Artificial selection, which is even older than agriculture, refers to a conscious effort to use for future breeding those varieties of a plant or animal that are most useful, attractive, or interesting to the breeder. Artificial selection is responsible for creating the enormous number of breeds of domestic dogs, for instance, as well as high-yielding varieties of corn and other agricultural crops.
Selection also occurs in nature, but Selection is not conscious. Charles Darwin called this natural selection or likely selection.
The concept of selection plays an increasingly important role in accepted speculation. New fields such as evolutionary psychology rely heavily on natural selection to explain the evolution of human behavioral traits, such as mate choice, aggression, and other types of social behavior. A great difficulty in such a theoretically based knowledge is the rarity of experimental or direct proof for presumed past environments and presumed behavioral responses that were genetically adaptive.
Variation
another important part of selection is variation .The variation that selection requires arises from two distinct sources. The ultimate sources of variation are gene mutation, gene duplication and disruption, and chromosome rearrangements. Gene mutations are randomly occurring events that at a molecular level consist mostly of substitutions or small losses or gains of nucleotides within genes. Gene duplication makes new copies of existing genes, while gene disruptions destroy functional copies of genes, often through insertion of a mobile inherent element. Chromosome rearrangement are much larger changes in chromosome structure, in which large pieces of chromosomes break off, join up, or invert. Individually, such mutations are rare. Most small mutations are either harmful or have no effect, and they may persist in a population for dozens or hundreds of generations before their advantages or disadvantages are evident.
The second source of variation arises from the shuffling processes undergone by genes and chromosomes during reproduction. During meiosis, warmly and paternally derived chromosome pairs are separated randomly, so that each sperm or egg contains a randomly chosen member of each of the twenty-three pairs. The number of possible combinations is over eight billion. Even more variation arises when pair members exchange segments before separating, in the process known as crossing over. The amazing variety in form exhibited even by two siblings is due primarily to the shuffling of existing genes, rather than to new mutations.
The Importance of the Environment
A disadvantageous trait in one environment may be advantageous in a very different environment. A classic example of this is sickle cell disease in regions where malaria is common. Individuals who inherit a copy of the sickle cell gene from both of their parents (homozygote) die early from the disease, whereas heterozygote (individuals who inherit only one copy of the gene) are favored in malarial areas (including equatorial Africa) over those without any copies, because they contract milder cases of malaria and thus are more likely to survive it.
Even though homozygote rarely passes on their genes, because of their low likelihood of surviving to reproduce, the advantage of having one copy is high enough that natural selection continues to favor presence of the gene in these populations. Thus a malarial environment can keep the gene frequency high. However, in temperate regions where malaria is absent (such asNorth America ), there is no heterozygote advantage to the sickle cell gene. Because heterozygote still suffer from the disease, they are less likely to survive and reproduce. Thus, selection is gradually depleting the gene from the African American population that harbors it.
Artificial Selection
artificial selection is also a well-known part of selection. One of the first uses of genetic knowledge to improve yields and the quality of plant products was applied to hybrid seed production at the start of the twentieth century by George Shull. Artificial selection today is still done by hobbyists who garden or raise domestic animals. This Selection is done on a more professional level in agriculture and animal breeding. The benefits are enormous. Virtually all commercial animal and plant breeding uses selection to isolate new combinations of traits to meet consumer needs. In these organisms, most of the variation is preexisting in the population or in related populations in the wild. The breeder's task is to combine (hybridize) the right organisms and select offspring with the desired traits.
In the antibiotic industry selection is used to identify new antibiotics. Usually, microorganisms are intentionally mutated to produce variation. Mutations can be induced with a variety of physical and chemical agents called mutagens, which randomly alter genes. Some early strains of penicillin-producing molds were x-rayed and their mutations selected for higher yields.
Biologists also make use of selection in the process called molecular cloning. Here, a new gene is inserted into a host along with a marker gene. The marker is typically a gene for antibiotic resistance. To determine if the host has taken up the new genes, it is exposed to antibiotics. The ones who survive are those that took up the resistance gene, and so also have the gene of interest. This selection process allows the researcher to quickly isolate only those organisms with the new gene.
Selection in Humans
Both natural and artificial selection occurs in human beings. If a trait is lethal and kills before reproductive maturity, then that gene mutation is gradually depleted from the population. Mutations with milder effects persist longer and are more common than very severe mutations, and recessive mutations persist for much longer than dominant ones. With a recessive trait, such as albinism, the parents are usually both carriers of a single copy of the gene and may not know that they carry it. If a child receives a copy of this gene from both of the carrier parents, the albino child may pass away young, may find it difficult to find a partner, or may end up marrying much later in life. This is usually considered a form of natural selection.
Considerable abuse of genetic knowledge in the first half of the twentieth century led to the eugenics movement. Advocate of eugenics claimed some people were more fit and others less fit (or unfit), and argued that the least fit should be persuaded or forced not to reproduce. Eugenicists typically defined as unfit those who were "feeble-minded, criminal, socially deviant, or otherwise undesirable." Coerced sterilization, a form of artificial selection, was practiced on some of these individuals.
another important part of selection is variation .The variation that selection requires arises from two distinct sources. The ultimate sources of variation are gene mutation, gene duplication and disruption, and chromosome rearrangements. Gene mutations are randomly occurring events that at a molecular level consist mostly of substitutions or small losses or gains of nucleotides within genes. Gene duplication makes new copies of existing genes, while gene disruptions destroy functional copies of genes, often through insertion of a mobile inherent element. Chromosome rearrangement are much larger changes in chromosome structure, in which large pieces of chromosomes break off, join up, or invert. Individually, such mutations are rare. Most small mutations are either harmful or have no effect, and they may persist in a population for dozens or hundreds of generations before their advantages or disadvantages are evident.
The second source of variation arises from the shuffling processes undergone by genes and chromosomes during reproduction. During meiosis, warmly and paternally derived chromosome pairs are separated randomly, so that each sperm or egg contains a randomly chosen member of each of the twenty-three pairs. The number of possible combinations is over eight billion. Even more variation arises when pair members exchange segments before separating, in the process known as crossing over. The amazing variety in form exhibited even by two siblings is due primarily to the shuffling of existing genes, rather than to new mutations.
The Importance of the Environment
A disadvantageous trait in one environment may be advantageous in a very different environment. A classic example of this is sickle cell disease in regions where malaria is common. Individuals who inherit a copy of the sickle cell gene from both of their parents (homozygote) die early from the disease, whereas heterozygote (individuals who inherit only one copy of the gene) are favored in malarial areas (including equatorial Africa) over those without any copies, because they contract milder cases of malaria and thus are more likely to survive it.
Even though homozygote rarely passes on their genes, because of their low likelihood of surviving to reproduce, the advantage of having one copy is high enough that natural selection continues to favor presence of the gene in these populations. Thus a malarial environment can keep the gene frequency high. However, in temperate regions where malaria is absent (such as
Artificial Selection
artificial selection is also a well-known part of selection. One of the first uses of genetic knowledge to improve yields and the quality of plant products was applied to hybrid seed production at the start of the twentieth century by George Shull. Artificial selection today is still done by hobbyists who garden or raise domestic animals. This Selection is done on a more professional level in agriculture and animal breeding. The benefits are enormous. Virtually all commercial animal and plant breeding uses selection to isolate new combinations of traits to meet consumer needs. In these organisms, most of the variation is preexisting in the population or in related populations in the wild. The breeder's task is to combine (hybridize) the right organisms and select offspring with the desired traits.
In the antibiotic industry selection is used to identify new antibiotics. Usually, microorganisms are intentionally mutated to produce variation. Mutations can be induced with a variety of physical and chemical agents called mutagens, which randomly alter genes. Some early strains of penicillin-producing molds were x-rayed and their mutations selected for higher yields.
Biologists also make use of selection in the process called molecular cloning. Here, a new gene is inserted into a host along with a marker gene. The marker is typically a gene for antibiotic resistance. To determine if the host has taken up the new genes, it is exposed to antibiotics. The ones who survive are those that took up the resistance gene, and so also have the gene of interest. This selection process allows the researcher to quickly isolate only those organisms with the new gene.
Selection in Humans
Both natural and artificial selection occurs in human beings. If a trait is lethal and kills before reproductive maturity, then that gene mutation is gradually depleted from the population. Mutations with milder effects persist longer and are more common than very severe mutations, and recessive mutations persist for much longer than dominant ones. With a recessive trait, such as albinism, the parents are usually both carriers of a single copy of the gene and may not know that they carry it. If a child receives a copy of this gene from both of the carrier parents, the albino child may pass away young, may find it difficult to find a partner, or may end up marrying much later in life. This is usually considered a form of natural selection.
Considerable abuse of genetic knowledge in the first half of the twentieth century led to the eugenics movement. Advocate of eugenics claimed some people were more fit and others less fit (or unfit), and argued that the least fit should be persuaded or forced not to reproduce. Eugenicists typically defined as unfit those who were "feeble-minded, criminal, socially deviant, or otherwise undesirable." Coerced sterilization, a form of artificial selection, was practiced on some of these individuals.
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